Summary
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is one of the most widespread sexually transmitted infections, affecting the majority of sexually active adults at some point. Transmission occurs mainly through sexual contact, but non-sexual or perinatal transmission can also occur. HPV infection can be localized based on the tissue tropism and oncogenic potential of the strain, affecting either the skin or the oropharyngeal or anogenital mucous membranes.
The diagnosis of cutaneous HPV infection is largely clinical, and treatment varies depending on the type and severity of the lesions. There is no treatment that guarantees complete eradication of the virus, and recurrences are common. Prevention is the key to success, both economically and medically. HPV vaccination is the most effective prevention method, being free in Romania for individuals between the ages of 11 and 26, and costing approximately 1800 RON (for three doses) for those over 26. Therapeutic methods include cryotherapy, chemical treatments (trichloroacetic acid, podophyllin), topical treatments (imiquimod, sinecatechins), surgical excision, and CO2 laser therapy, with estimated costs exceeding 1000 RON in most cases, and the risk of requiring multiple treatment sessions and experiencing recurrences. In the case of anogenital or oropharyngeal infections, the economic burden is significantly higher – tens of thousands of RON – due to the need for specialist consultations, costly diagnostic tests, treatments, and invasive procedures, with long-term recovery both physically and financially.
In addition to physical and financial implications, HPV infection has a significant psycho-emotional impact. Women diagnosed with HPV often report anxiety, depression, and impaired sexual life. The stigma of the disease, fear of rejection, and feelings of guilt can lead to reduced quality of life and strained personal relationships. Studies show that proper education, psychological support, and access to treatment can reduce emotional distress and improve patients’ overall well-being.
